Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Manipulation of Cassava Cultivation and Utilization to Improve Protein to Energy Biomass for Livestock Feeding in the Tropics

  • Wanapat, M. (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University)
  • Published : 2003.03.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Cassava (Manihot esculenta, Crantz), an annual tropical tuber crop, was nutritionally evaluated as a foliage for ruminants, especially dairy cattle. Cultivation of cassava biomass to produce hay is based on a first harvest of the foliage at three months after planting, followed every two months thereafter until one year. Inter-cropping of leguminous fodder as food-feed between rows of cassava, such as Leucaena leucocephala or cowpea (Vigna unculata), enriches soil fertility and provides additional fodder. Cassava hay contained 20 to 25% crude protein in the dry matter with good profile of amino acids. Feeding trials with cattle revealed high levels of DM intake (3.2% of BW) and high DM digestibility (71%). The hay contains tannin-protein complexes which could act as rumen by - pass protein for digestion in the small intestine. As cassava hay contains condensed tannins, it could have subsequent impact on changing rumen ecology particularly changing rumen microbes population. Therefore, supplementation with cassava hay at 1-2 kg/hd/d to dairy cattle could markedly reduce concentrate requirements, and increase milk yield and composition. Moreover, cassava hay supplementation in dairy cattle could increase milk thiocyanate which could possibly enhance milk quality and milk storage, especially in small holder-dairy farming. Condensed tannins contained in cassava hay have also been shown to potentially reduce gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants and therefore could act as an anthelmintic agent. Cassava hay is therefore an excellent multi-nutrient source for animals, especially for dairy cattle during the long dry season, and has the potential to increase the productivity and profitability of sustainable livestock production systems in the tropics.

Keywords

References

  1. Barry, T. N. and T. R. Manley. 1984. The role of condensed tannins in the nutritional value of Lotus peduculatus for sheep 2. Ouantitative digestion of carbohydrates and protein. Br. J. Nutr. 51:493. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19840055
  2. Brooker, J. D. L. O'Donovan, I. Skene and G. Sellick. 2000. Mechanisms of tannin resistance and detoxification in the rumen. In. Proc. International Workshop on Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (Ed.J.D. Brooker), ACIAR Proceedings No.92. pp.171
  3. Claesson, O. 1994. The use of the lactoperoxidase system. In:Proc. Regional Workshop on Raw Milk Handling and Preservation in the Near East Region. FAO, Rome, Italy.
  4. Granum, G. M., M. Wanapat, P. Pakdee and C. Wachirapakorn. 2002. The effect of cassava hay supplementation on weight change, dry matter intake, digestibility and intestinal parasites in swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) and cattle (Bos indicus). In Proc. Agriculture Conference, Narasuan University, Pitsanuloke, Thailand, July 26-30.
  5. Jones, W. T. and J. L. Mangan. 1977. Complexes of the condensed tannins of sanfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia) with fraction 1 leaf protein and with submaxillary mucoprotein andtheir reversal by polyethy lene glycol and pH. J. Sci. Food Agric. 28:126. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740280204
  6. Kahn, L. P. and A. Diaz-Hernandez. 2000. Tannins with anthelmintic properties. In Proc. International Workshop on Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (Ed.J.D. Brooker), ACIAR Proceedings No.92. pp. 171
  7. Koakkhunthod, S., M. Wanapat, C. Wachirapakorn, N. Nontaso, P. Rowlinson and N. Sornsungnern. 2001. Effect of cassava hay and high-quality feed block supplementation on milk production in lactating dairy cows. In: Proc. International Wrokshop on Current research and development of cassava as animal feeds, organized by Khon Kaen University and Swedish International Development gency (SIDA) and Swedish Agency for Research and Cooperation with Developing Countries (SAREC), July 23-24, Kosa Hotel, Thailand.⦼돐飫ﾖ⨀ゴ⨀?⨀壸ﾖ⨀䄄돐磸ﾖ⨀쁖잖⨀胸ﾖ⨀ᤄ덐좴⨀᠄紀サ⨀
  8. Makkar, H. P. S. 2000. Evaluation and enhancement of feeding value of tanniniferous feeds. In: Proc. International Workshop on Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (Ed.J.D. Brooker), ACIAR Proceedings No.92. pp. 171
  9. McSweeney, C. S., B. Palmer and D. O. Krause. 2000. Rumen microbial ecology and physiology in sheep and goats feel a tannin-containing diet. In: Proc. International Workshop on Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (Ed.J.D. Brooker), ACIAR Proceedings No.92. pp. 171
  10. Netpana, N., M. Wanapat and W. Toburan. 2001. Effect of cassava hay supplementation on internal parasitic egg counts in swamp buffalo and cattle. In: Proc. International Wrokshop on Current research and development of cassava as animal feeds, organized by Khon Kaen University and Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and Swedish Agency for Research and Cooperation with Developing Countries (SAREC), July 23-24, Kosa Hotel, Thailand.
  11. Nguyen, T. T. H., M. Wanapat, C. Wachirapakorn and P. Pakdee. 2002. Effects of initial cutting and subsequent cutting on yield and chemical compositions of cassava hay and its supplementation on lactating dairy cows. In Proc. Agriculture Conference, Narasuan University, Pitsanuloke, Thailand, July 26-30.
  12. Norton, B. W. 2000. The significance of tannins in tropical animal production. In: Proc. International Workshop on Tannins in Livestock and Human Nutrition (Ed.J.D. Brooker), ACIAR Proceedings No.92. pp. 171
  13. Onwuka, C. F. I. 1992. Tannin and saponin contents of some tropical browse species fed to goats. Trop Agric (Trinidad) 69:176.
  14. Petlum, A., M. Wanapat and S. Wanapat. 2001. Effect of planting space and cutting frequency on cassava hay yield and chemical composition. In:Proc. International Wrokshop on Current research and development of cassava as animal feeds, organized by Khon Kaen University and Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and Swedish Agency for Research and Cooperation with Developing Countries (SAREC), July 23-24, Kosa Hotel, Thailand.
  15. Poppi, D. P., J. C. MacRae, A. Brewer, P. J. S. Dewey and A. Walker. 1985. Calcium and phosphorus absorption in lambs exposed to Trichostrongylus colubriformis. J. Comp. Pathology. 95:453-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9975(85)90050-7
  16. Polthanee, A., S. Wanapat, M. Wanapat and C. Wachirapakorn. 2001. In:Proc. International Wrokshop on Current research and development of cassava as animal feeds, organized by Khon Kaen University and Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and Swedish Agency for Research and Cooperation with Developing Countries (SAREC), July 23-24, Kosa Hotel, Thailand.
  17. Puangchompoo, A., S. Wanapat, A. Polthanee, C. Wachirapakorn and M. Wanapat. 2001. Effect of planting methods, fertilization on cassava hay yield and chemical compositions. In: Proc. International Wrokshop on Current research and development of cassava as animal feeds, organized by Khon Kaen University and Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and Swedish Agency for Research and Cooperation with Developing Countries (SAREC), July 23-24, Kosa Hotel, Thailand.
  18. Reed. J. D. 1995. Nutritional toxicology of tannins and related prolyphenols in forage legumes. J. Anim. Sci. 73:1516. https://doi.org/10.2527/1995.7351516x
  19. Reed, J. D., R. E. McDowell, P. J. Van Soest and P. J. Horvath. 1982. Condensed tannin : sa factor limiting the use of cassava forage. J. Sci. Food Agric. 33:2131.
  20. Wanapat, M. 1999. Feeding of ruminants in the tropics based on local feed resources. Khon Kaen Publ. Comp. Ltd., Khon Kaen, Thailand. pp. 236
  21. Wanapat, M. 2002. Role of cassava hay as animal feeds in the tropics. In Proc. Agriculture Conference, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiengmai University, Thailand, the National Agriculture Fair, January 27-29.
  22. Wanapat, M. 2001. Role of cassava hay as animal feed in the tropics. In:Proc. International Wrokshop on Current research and development of cassava as animal feeds, organized by Khon Kaen University and Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) and Swedish Agency for Research and Cooperation with Developing Countries (SAREC), July 23-24, Kosa Hotel, Thailand.
  23. Wanapat, M., O. Pimpa, A. Petlum and U. Boontao. 1997. Cassava hay: A new strategic feed for ruminants during the dry season. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 9(2):IRRD Home Page.
  24. Wanapat, M., A. Petlum and O. Pimpa. 2000a. Supplementation of cassava hay to replace concentrate use in lactating Holstein Friesian crossbreds. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 13:600-604.
  25. Wanapat, M., T. Puramongkon and W. Siphuak. 2000b. Feeding of cassava hay for lactating dairy cows. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 13:478-482.
  26. Wanapat, M., O. Pimpa, A. Petlum , C. Wachirapakorn and C. Yuangklang. 2000c. Participation scheme of smallholder dairy farmers in the NE, Thailand on improving feeding systems. Asian-Australasian J. Anim. Sci. 13:830-836.
  27. Wanapat, M., O. Pimpa, W. Sripuek, T. Puramongkol, A. Petlum, U. Boontao, C. Wachirapakorn and K. Sommart. 2000d. Cassava hay: an important on-farm feed for ruminants. In Proc. International Workshop on Tannins in Livestock and Human Nurition (Ed.J.D. Brooker), ACIAR Proc. No. 92, pp. 71-74.
  28. Wanapat, M., A. Polthanee, C. Wachirapakorn, T. Anekwit and S. Mattarat. 2001. Crop-animal systems research network (CASREN). Progress Report-Thailand, ILRI Paper, 20 p.
  29. Wanapat, M., A. Polthanee and C. Wachirapakorn. 2002. Final Report on Livestock – Crop Systems Research Project –Thailand. The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and Khon Kaen University, Thailand. 31 p.
  30. Woodward, S. L. M. J. Auldist, P. J. Laboyrie, E. B. L Janse and D. Cottle. 1999. Effect of Lotus corniculatus and condenseet tannins on milk yield composition of dairy cows. Proc. the N.Z. Society of Animal Production, pp. 152-155.

Cited by

  1. The effect of long-term feeding of fresh and ensiled cassava (Manihot esculenta) foliage on gastrointestinal nematode infections in goats vol.41, pp.2, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-008-9182-x
  2. Digestibility and metabolizable energy values of processed cassava chips for growing and finishing pigs vol.43, pp.2, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-010-9702-3
  3. Effects of various plant protein sources in high-quality feed block on feed intake, rumen fermentation, and microbial population in swamp buffalo vol.43, pp.8, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-9836-y
  4. The effects of high levels of rumen degradable protein on rumen pH and histamine concentrations in dairy cows vol.96, pp.2, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01139.x
  5. Effect of carbohydrate sources and cotton seed meal in the concentrate: II. Feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in beef cattle vol.44, pp.1, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-0014-z
  6. Effects of supplementing cassava peels with cassava leaves and cowpea haulms on the performance, intake, digestibility and nitrogen utilization of West African Dwarf goats vol.47, pp.1, 2015, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-014-0695-1
  7. fermentation and microbial population by urea and molasses supplementation vol.46, pp.1, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2017.1288630
  8. Effect of Fermentation Using Different Microorganisms on Nutritive Values of Fresh and Dry Cassava Root vol.13, pp.2, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3923/ajava.2018.128.135
  9. Effects of increasing dietary protein supplies on milk yield, milk composition, and nitrogen use efficiency in lactating buffalo vol.50, pp.5, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1539-1
  10. Effect of Cassoy-urea Pellet as a Protein Source in Concentrate on Ruminal Fementation and Digestibility in Cattle vol.19, pp.7, 2003, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2006.1004
  11. Effect of Levels of Sodium DL-malate Supplementation on Ruminal Fermentation Efficiency of Concentrates Containing High Levels of Cassava Chip in Dairy Steers vol.19, pp.3, 2003, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2006.368
  12. Effects of Urea Level and Sodium DL-malate in Concentrate Containing High Cassava Chip on Ruminal Fermentation Efficiency, Microbial Protein Synthesis in Lactating Dairy Cows Raised under Tropical Con vol.19, pp.6, 2006, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2006.837
  13. Influence of Sulfur on Fresh Cassava Foliage and Cassava Hay Incubated in Rumen Fluid of Beef Cattle vol.20, pp.9, 2003, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2007.1424
  14. Effects of Replacing Ground Corn with Cassava Chip in Concentrate on Feed Intake, Nutrient Utilization, Rumen Fermentation Characteristics and Microbial Populations in Goats vol.20, pp.10, 2007, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2007.1557
  15. Effect of Roughage Sources on Cellulolytic Bacteria and Rumen Ecology of Beef Cattle vol.20, pp.11, 2007, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2007.1705
  16. Effect of Levels of Supplementation of Concentrate Containing High Levels of Cassava Chip on Rumen Ecology, Microbial N Supply and Digestibility of Nutrients in Beef Cattle vol.20, pp.1, 2007, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2007.75
  17. Effects of Sunflower Oil Supplementation in Cassava Hay Based-diets for Lactating Dairy Cows vol.21, pp.1, 2003, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2008.60421
  18. Effect of Elemental Sulfur Supplementation on Rumen Environment Parameters and Utilization Efficiency of Fresh Cassava Foliage and Cassava Hay in Dairy Cattle vol.22, pp.10, 2003, https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2009.90141
  19. Effect of malate and starch source on digestibility and nutrient balance of growing-fattening lambs vol.174, pp.3, 2003, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.03.016
  20. Effects of protein levels and energy sources in total mixed ration on feedlot performance and carcass quality of Kamphaeng Saen steers vol.51, pp.1, 2003, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anres.2017.02.003
  21. Effect of Cutting Frequency of Cassava Leaves on Composition and Production during the Dry Season vol.251, pp.None, 2003, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/251/1/012059
  22. The Potential Effect of Dietary Tannins on Enteric Methane Emission and Ruminant Production, as an Alternative to Antibiotic Feed Additives - A Review vol.20, pp.2, 2003, https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2020-0005
  23. Cyanogenic, carotenoids and protein composition in leaves and roots across seven diverse population found in the world cassava germplasm collection at CIAT, Colombia vol.56, pp.3, 2003, https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.14888
  24. In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics and Methane Mitigation Responded to Flavonoid Extract Levels from Alternanthera sissoo and Dietary Ratios vol.7, pp.3, 2003, https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation7030109