The rate-determining step in the dark state recovery process in the photocycle of PYP

The last step in the photocycle of photoactive yellow protein (PYP) is a spontaneous recovery of the dark state from the active state in which the p-coumaric acid chromophore is thermally isomerized, concomitantly with the deprotona- tion of the chtomophore and the refolding of the protein moicty. For the purpose of understanding the mechanism of the thermal back-isomerization, we have investigated the rate-determining step by analyzing mutant PYPs of Met100, which was previously shown to play a major role in facilitating the reaction (1). The mutation to Lys, Leu, Ala, or Glu decelerated the dark state recovery by 1 to 3 three orders of magnitude. By evaluating temperature-dependence and pH-dependence of the kinetics of the dark state recovery, it was found that the retardation by mutations resulted from elevation of the activation enthalpy ( H$\^$┿/) and that the pKa of the chromophore, which was affected by the mutation, is in a linier correlation with the amplitude of the rate constants. It was, therefore, deduced from the correlation that the free energy for crossing the activated state in the dark recovery process is proportional to the free energy for the deprotonation of the chromophore, identifying the rate-determining step as the deprotonation of the chromophore. (1) Devanathan, S. Genick, U. K. Canestrelli, I. L. Meyer, T. E. Cusanovich, M. A. Getzoff, E. D. Tollin, G., Biochemistry 1998, 37, 11563 - 11568