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In the region of weak rubbing, the pretilt angle(
${\Theat}_p$ ) quickly increases with the rubbing strength, due to increase of the area fraction of the AL surface modified by rubbing. But, LC alignment induced by weak rubbing. But, LC alignment induced by weak rubbing has poor thermal stability and/or alignment defects. In applications, strong rubbing especially high-force fubbling is thus applied on the AL to produce thermally stable, defect-free alignment. In this rubbing regime,${\Theat}_p$ only changes slightly with rubbing strength and consistent${\Theat}_p$ is thus generated for a given AL. - J. Appl. Phys. v.48 T.J. Scheffer;J. Nehring
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