Calpains and Apoptosis

  • Tagliarino, Colleen (Department of Radiation Oncology and Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University) ;
  • Pink, John J. (Department of Radiation Oncology and Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University) ;
  • Boothman, David A. (Department of Radiation Oncology and Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University)
  • 발행 : 2001.12.01

초록

Calpains are a family of cysteine proteases existing primarily in two forms designated by the $Ca^{2+}$ concentration needed for activation in vitro, $\mu$-calpain (calpain-I) and m-calpain (calpain-II). The physiologica1 roles of calpains remain unclear. Many groups have proposed a role for calpains In apoptosis, but their patterns of activation are not well characterized. Calpains have been implicated in neutrophil apoptosis, glucocorticoid-induced thymocyte apoptosis, as well as many other apoptotic pathways. Calpain activation in apoptosis is usually linked upstream or downstream to caspase activation, or in a parallel pathway alongside caspase activation. Calpains have been suggested to be involved in DNA fragmentation (via endonuclease activation), but also as effector proteases that cleave cellular proteins involved in DNA repair, membrane associated proteins and other homeostatic regulatory proteins. Recently, our laboratory demonstrated $\mu$-calpain activation in NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreducatse 1 (NQO1)-expressing cells after exposure to $\beta$-lapachone, a novel quinone and potential chemo- and radio-therapeutic agent. Increased cytosolic $Ca^{2+}$ in NQO1-expressing cells after $\beta$-lapachone exposures were shown to lead to $\mu$-calpain activation. In turn, $\mu$-calpain activation was important for substrate proteolysis and DNA fragmentation associated with apoptosis. Upon activation, $\mu$-calpain translocated to the nucleus where it could proteolytically cleave PARP and p53. We provided evidence that $\beta$-lapachone-induced, $\mu$-calpain stimulated, apoptosis did not involve any of the known caspases; known apoptotic caspases were not activated after $\beta$-lapachone treatment of NQO1-expressing cells, nor did caspase inhibitors have any effect on $\beta$-1apachone-induced cell death. Elucidation of processes by which $\beta$-1apachone-stimulated $\mu$-calpain activation and calpains ability to activate endonucleases and induce apoptosis independent of caspase activity will be needed to further develop/modulate $\beta$-lapachone for treatment of human cancers that over-express NQO1.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Banik NL. DeVries GH, Neuberger T, Russell T. Chakrabarti AK, and Hogan EL (1991)Calcium-activated neutral proteinase (CANP; calpain) activity in Schwann cells: immunofluorescence localization and compartmentation of mu- and mCANP. J Neurosci Res 29: 346-354 https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490290310
  2. Barrett AJ, Kembhavi AA, Brown AM, Kirschke H, Knight CG, Tamai M, and Hanada K (1982) L-trans-Epoxysuccinylleucylamido(4-guanidino)butane (E-64) and its analogues as inhibitors of cysteine proteinases including cathepsins B, H. and L. Biochem. J 201: 189-198
  3. Bellamy CO, Malcomson RD, Harrison DJ, and Wyllie AH (1995) Cell death in health and disease: the biology and regulation of apoptosis. Semin Cancer Biol 6: 3-16 https://doi.org/10.1006/scbi.1995.0002
  4. Buki KG, Bauer PI, and Kun E (1997) Isolation and identification of a proteinase from calf thymus that cleaves poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and histone H1. Biochem Biophys Acta 1338: 100-106 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4838(96)00189-6
  5. Canu N, Dus L, Barbato C, Ciotti MT, Brancolini C, Rinaldi AM, Novak M, Cattaneo A, Bradbury A, and Calissano P (1998) Tau cleavage and dephosphorylation in cerebellar granule neurons undergoing apoptosis. J Neurosci 18: 7061-7074
  6. Carafoli E and Molinari M (1998) Calpain: a protease in search of a function? Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 247: 193-203 https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1998.8378
  7. Casiano CA, Martin SJ, Green DR, and Tan EM (1996) Selective cleavage of nuclear autoantigens during CD95(Fas/APO-1)-mediated T cell apoptosis. J Exp Med 184: 765-770 https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.184.2.765
  8. Chau YP, Shiah SG, Don MJ, and Kuo ML (1998) Involvement of hydrogen peroxide in topoisomerase inhibitor beta-lapachone-induced apoptosis and differentiation in human leukemia cells. Free Radic Biol Med 24: 660-670 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(97)00337-7
  9. Chua BT, Guo K, and Li P (2000) Direct cleavage by the calcium-activated protease calpain can lead to inactivation of caspases. J Biol Chem 275: 5131-5135 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.275.7.5131
  10. Cottin P, Vidalenc PL, and Ducastaing A (1981) $Ca^{2+}$ -dependent association between a $Ca^{2+}$ -activated neutral proteinase(CaANP) and its specific inhibitor. FEBS Lett 136: 221-224 https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(81)80622-9
  11. Crawford C, Brown NR, and Willis AC (1993) Studies of the active site of m-calpain and the interaction with calpastatin. Biochem J 296: 135-142
  12. Croall DE, Morrow JS, and Demartino GN (1986) Limited proteolysis of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton by calcium-dependent proteinases. Biochim Biophys Acta 882: 287-296 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4165(86)90250-3
  13. Drenou B, Blancheteau V, Burgess DH, Fauchet R, Charron DJ, and Mooney NA (1999) A caspase-independent pathway of MHC class II antigen-mediated apoptosis of human B lymphocytes. J. Immunol 163: 4115-4124
  14. Eby MT, Jasmin A, Kumar A, Sharma K, and Chaudhary PM (2000) TAJ, a novel member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family, activates the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway and mediates caspase-independent cell death. J Biol Chem 275: 15336-15342 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.275.20.15336
  15. Gerschenson LE and Rotello RJ (1992) Apoptosis: a different type of cell death. FASEB J 6: 2450-2455
  16. Goll DE, Thompson VF, Taylor RG, and Zalewska T (1992). Is calpain activity regulated by membranes and autolysis or by calcium and calpastatin? Bioessays 14: 549-556 https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.950140810
  17. Janicke RU, Ng P, Sprengart ML, and Porter AG (1998) Caspase-3 is required for alpha-fodrin cleavage but dispensable for cleavage of other death substrates in apoptosis. J. Biol Chem 273: 15540-15545 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.25.15540
  18. Janicke RU, Walker PA, Lin XY, and Porter AG (1996) Specific cleavage of the retinoblastoma protein by an ICE-like protease in apoptosis. EMBO J 15: 6969-6978
  19. Johnson GV and Guttmann RP (1997) Calpains: intact and active? Bioessays 19: 1011-1018 https://doi.org/10.1002/bies.950191111
  20. Kapprell HP and Goll DE (1989) Effect of $Ca^{2+}$ on binding of the calpains to calpastatin. J Biol Chem 264: 17888-17896
  21. Kato M, Nonaka T, Maki M, Kikuchi H, and Imajoh-Ohmi S (2000) Caspases cleave the amino-terminal calpain inhibitory unit of calpastatin during apoptosis in human jurkat T cells. J Biochem 127: 297-305
  22. Kaufmann SH (1989) Induction of endonucleolytic DNA cleavage in human acute myelogenous leukemia cells by etoposide, camptothecin, and other cytotoxic anticancer drugs: a cautionary note. Cancer Res 49: 5870-5878
  23. Kawasaki H, Emori Y, Imajoh-Ohmi S, Minami Y, and Suzuki K (1989) Identification and characterization of inhibitory sequences in four repeating domains of the endogenous inhibitor for calcium-dependent protease. J Biochem 106: 274-281
  24. Kawasaki H and Kawashima S (1996) Regulation of the calpain-calpastatin system by membranes. Mol Membr Biol 13: 217-224
  25. Kerr JF, Wylllie AH, and Currie AR (1972) Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 26: 239-257
  26. Kothakota S, Azuma T, Reinhard C, Klippel A, Tang J, Chu K, McGarry TJ, Kirschner MW, Koths K, Kwiatkowski DJ, and Williams LT (1997) Caspase-3-generated fragment of gelsolin:effector of morphological change in apoptosis. Science 278: 294-298 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5336.294
  27. Kubbutat MH and Vousden KH (1997) Proteolytic cleavage of human p53 by calpain: a potential regulator of protein stability. Mol Cell Biol 17: 460-468
  28. Kuida K, Haydar TF, Kuan CY, Gu Y, Taya C, Karasuyama H, Su MS, Rakic P, and Flavell RA (1998) Reduced apoptosis and cytochrome c-mediated caspase activation in mice lacking caspase 9. Cell 94: 325-337 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81476-2
  29. Langenfeld J, Kiyokawa H, Sekula D, Boyle J, and Dmitrovsky E (1997) Posttranslational regulation of cyclin D1 by retinoic acid: a chemoprevention mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 12070-12074 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.22.12070
  30. Lankiewicz S, Marc Luetjens C, Truc Bui N, Krohn AJ, Poppe M, Cole GM, Saido TC, and Prehn JH (2000) Activation of calpain I converts excitotoxic neuron death into a caspase independent cell death. J Biol Chem 275: 17064-17071 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.275.22.17064
  31. Lazebnik YA, Kaufmann SH, Desnoyer S, Poirier GG, and Earnshaw WC (1994) Cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase by a proteinase with properties like ICE Nature 371: 346-347 https://doi.org/10.1038/371346a0
  32. Li CJ, Li YZ, Pinto AV, and Pardee AB (1999) Potent inhibition of tumor survival in vivo by beta-lapachone plus taxol:combining drugs imposes different artificial checkpoints. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 13369-13374 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.23.13369
  33. Li CJ, Wang C, and Pardee AB (1995) Induction of apoptosis by beta-lapachone in human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 55: 3712-3715
  34. Maki M, Takano E, Osawa T, Ooi T, Murachi T, and Hatanaka M (1988) Analysis of structure-function relationship of pig calpastatin by expression of mutated cDNAs in Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 263: 10254-10261
  35. Marin A, Lopez de Cerain A, Hamilton E, Lewis AD, Martinez Penuela JM, Idoate MA, and Bello J (1997) DT-diaphorase and cytochrome B5 reductase in human lung and breast tumours. Br J Cancer 76: 923-929
  36. McGinnis KM, Gnegy ME, Park YH, Mukerjee N, and Wang KK (1999) Procaspase-3 and poly(ADP)ribose polymerase(PARP) are calpain substrates. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 263: 94-99 https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1999.1315
  37. McGinnis KM, Whitton MM, Gnegy ME, and Wang KK (1998) Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV is cleaved by cells undergoing apoptosis. J Biol Chem 273: 19993-20000 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.32.19993
  38. Meier P, Finch A, and Evan G (2000) Apoptosis in development. Nature 407: 796-801 https://doi.org/10.1038/35037734
  39. Nakagawa T and Yuan J (2000) Cross-talk between two cysteine protease families: activation of caspase-12 by calpain in apoptosis. J Cell Biol 150: 887-894 https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.150.4.887
  40. Nath R, Raser KJ, McGinnis K, Nadimpalli R, Stafford D, and Wang KK (1996a) Effects of ICE-like protease and calpain inhibitors on neuronal apoptosis. Neuroreport 8: 249-255 https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199612200-00050
  41. Nath R, Raser KJ, Stafford D, Hajimohammadreza I, Posner A, Allen H, Talanian RV, Yuen P, Gilbertsen RB, and Wang KK (1996b) Non-erythroid alpha-spectrin breakdown by calpain and interleukin 1 beta-converting-enzyme-like protease(s) in apoptrotic cells: contributory roles of both protease families in neuronal apoptosis. Biochem J 319: 683-690
  42. Nicholson DW (1999) Caspase structure, proteolytic substrates, and function during apoptotic cell death. Cell Death Differ 6: 1028-1042 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cdd.4400598
  43. Nixon RA, Saito KI, Grynspan F, Griffin WR, Katayama S, Honda T, Mohan PS, Shea TB, and Beermann M (1994) Calcium-activated neutral proteinase (calpain) system in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 747: 77-91 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb44402.x
  44. Okuno S, Shimizu S, Ito T, Nomura M, Hamada E, Tsujimoto Y, and Matsuda H (1998) Bcl02 prevents caspase-independent cell death. J Biol Chem 273: 34272-34277 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.51.34272
  45. Ono Y, Sorimachi H, and Suzuki K (1998). Structure and physiology of calpain, an enigmatic protease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 245: 289-294 https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1998.8085
  46. Pariat M, Carillo S, Molinari M, Salvat C, Debussche L, Bracco L, Milner J, and Piechaczyk M (1997) Proteolysis by calpains: a possible contribution to degradation of p53. Mol Cell Biol 17: 2806-2815
  47. Patel T, Gores GJ, and Kaufmann SH (1996) The role of proteases during apoptosis. FASEB J 10: 587-597
  48. Patel YM and Lane MD (1999) Role of calpain in adipocyte differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 1279-1284 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.4.1279
  49. Pink JJ, Planchon SM, Tagliarino C, Varnes ME, Siegel D, and Boothman DA (2000a) NAD(P)H:Quinone oxidoreductase activity is the principal determinant of beta-lapachone cytotoxicity. J Biol Chem 275: 5416-5424 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.275.8.5416
  50. Pink JJ, Wuerzberger-Davis S, Tagliarino C, Planchon SM, Yang X, Froelich CJ, and Boothman DA (2000b) Activation of a cysteine protease in MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cells during beta-lapachone-mediated apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 255: 144-155 https://doi.org/10.1006/excr.1999.4790
  51. Planchon SM, Pink JJ, Tagliarino C, Bornmann WG, Varnes ME, and Boothman DA (2001) Beta-lapachone-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells: involvement of nqo1/xip3. Exp Cell Res 267: 95-106 https://doi.org/10.1006/excr.2001.5234
  52. Planchon SM, Wuerzberger S, Frydman B, Witiak DT, Hutson P, Church DR, Wilding G, and Boothman DA (1995) Beta-lapachone-mediated apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) and human prostate cancer cells: a p53-independent response. Cancer Res 55: 3706-3711
  53. Planchon SM, Wuerzberger-Davis SM, Pink JJ, Robertson KA, Bornmann WG, and Boothman DA (1999) Bcl-2 protects against beta-lapachone-mediated caspase 3 activation and apoptosis in human myeloid leukemia (HL-60) cells. Oncol Rep 6: 485-492 https://doi.org/10.1086/302426
  54. Rami A, Agarwal R, Botez G, and Winckler J (2000) mu-Calpain activation, DNA fragmentation, and synergistic effects of caspase and calpain inhibitors in protecting hippocampal neurons from ischemic damage. Brain Res 866: 299-312 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02301-5
  55. Richard I, Roudaut C, Saenz A, Pogue R, Grimbergen JE, Anderson LV, Beley C, Cobo Am, de Diego C, Eymard B, Gallano P, Ginjaar HB, Lasa A, Pollitt C, Topaloglu H, Urtizberea JA, de Visser M, van der Kooi A, Bushby K, Bakker E, Lopez de Munain A, Fardeau M, and Beckmann JS (1999) Calpainopathy-a survey of mutations and polymorphisms. Am J Hum Genet 64: 1524-1540 https://doi.org/10.1086/302426
  56. Roberts-Lewis JM, Marcy VR, Zhao Y, Vaught JL, Siman R, Lewis ME (1993) Aurintricarboxylic acid protects hippocampal neurons from NMDA- and ischemia-induced toxicity in vivo. J Neurochem 61: 378-381 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03583.x
  57. Ruiz-Vela A, Gonzalez de Buitrago G, Martinez AC (1999) Implication of calpain in caspase activation during B cell clonal deletion. EMBO J 18: 4988-4998 https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/18.18.4988
  58. Sakai K, Akanuma H, Imahori K, and Kawashima S (1987) A unique specificity of a calcium activated neutral protease indicated in histone hydrolysis. J Biochem 101: 911-918
  59. Schoenwaelder SM and Burridge K (1999). Evidence for a calpeptin-sensitive protein-tyrosine phosphatase upstream of the small GTPase Rho. A novel role for the calpain inhibitor calpeptin in the inhibition of protein-tyrosine phosphatases. J Biol Chem 274: 14359-14367 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.20.14359
  60. Shiah SG, Chuang SE, Chau YP, Shen SC, and Kuo ML (1999) Activation of c-Jun NH2-terminal Kinase and subsequent CPP32/Yama during topoisomerase inhibitor beta-lapachone-induced apoptosis through an oxidation-dependent pathway. Cancer Res 59: 391-398
  61. Sorimachi H, Ishiura S, and Suzuki K (1997) Structure and physiological function of calpains. Biochem J 328: 721-732
  62. Spinedi A, Oliverio S, Di Sano F, and Piacentini M (1998) Calpain involvement in calphostin C-induced apoptosis. Biochem Pharmacol 56: 1489-1492 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-2952(98)00169-5
  63. Squier MK and Cohen JJ (1997) Calpain, an upsteam regulator of thymocyte apoptosis. J Immunol 158: 3690-3697
  64. Squier MK, Miller AC, Malkinson AM, and Cohen JJ (1994) Calpain activation in apoptosis. J Cell Physiol 159: 229-237 https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.1041590206
  65. Squier MK, Sehnert AJ, Sellins KS, Malkinson AM, Takano E, and Cohen JJ (1999) Calpain and calpastatin regulate neutrophil apoptosis. J Cell Physiol 178: 311-319 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-4652(199903)178:3<311::AID-JCP5>3.3.CO;2-K
  66. Stennicke HR, Jurgensmeier JM, Shin H, DEveraux Q, Wolf BB, Yang X, Zhou Q, Ellerby HM, Ellerby LM, Bredesen D, Green DR, Reed JC, Froelich CJ, and Salvesen GS (1998) Pro-caspase-3 is a major physiologic target of caspase-8. J Biol Chem 273: 27084-27090 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.42.27084
  67. Stepczynska A, Lauber K, Engels IH, Janssen O, Kabelitz D, Wesselborg S, and Schulze-Osthoff K (2001) Staurosporine and conventional anticancer drugs induce overlapping, yet distinct pathways of apoptosis and caspase activation. Oncogene 20: 1193-1202 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1204221
  68. Tagliarino C, Pink JJ, Dubyak GR, Nieminen AL, and Boothman DA (2001) Calcium is a key signaling molecule in beta-lapachone-mediated cell death. J Biol Chem 276: 19150-19159 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M100730200
  69. Tenev T, Marani M, McNeish I, and Lemoine NR (2001) Procaspase-3 overexpression sensitises ovarian cancer cells to proteasome inhibitors. Cell Death Differ 8: 256-264 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.cdd.4400808
  70. Thompson VF and Goll DE (2000) Purification of mu-calpain, m-calpain, and calpastatin from animal tissues. Methods Mol Biol 144: 3-16
  71. Vanags DM, Porn-Ares MI, Coppola S, Burgess DH, and Orrenius S (1996) Protease involvement in fodrin cleavage and phosphatidylserine exposure in apoptosis. J Biol Chem 271: 31075-31085 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.271.49.31075
  72. Villa PG, Henzel WJ, Sensenbrenner M, Henderson CE, and Pettmann B (1998) Calpain inhibitors, but not caspase inhibitors, prevent actin proteolysis and DNA fragmentation during apoptosis. J Cell Sci 111: 713-722
  73. Wang KK (2000) Calpain and caspase: can you tell the difference? Trends Neurosci 23: 20-26 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(99)01479-4
  74. Wang KK, Posmantur R, Nadimpalli R, Nath R, Mohan P, Nixon RA, Talanian RV, Keegan M, Herzog L, and Allen H (1998) Caspase-mediated fragmentation of calpain inhibitor protein calpastatin during apoptosis. Arch Biochem Biophys 356: 189-196 https://doi.org/10.1006/abbi.1998.0748
  75. Wang KK, Villalobo A, and Roufogalis BD (1989) Calmodulin-binding proteins as calpain substrates. Biochem J 262: 693-706
  76. Watt F and Molloy PL (1993) Specific cleavage of transcription factors by the thiol protease, ${\mu}$-calpain. Nucleic Acids Res 21: 5092-5100 https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/21.22.5092
  77. Wolf BB, Goldstein JC, Stennicke HR, Beere H, Amarante Mendes GP, Salvesen GS, and Green DR (1999) Calpain functions in a caspase-Independent manner to promote apoptosis-like events during platelet activation. Blood 94: 1683-1692
  78. Wood DE and Newcomb EW (1999) Caspase-dependent activation of calpain during drug-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 274: 8309-18315 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.274.12.8309
  79. Wood DE, Thomas A, Devi LA, Berman Y, Beavis RC, Reed JC, and Newcomb EW (1998) Bax cleavage is mediated by calpain during drug-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 17: 1069-1078 https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1202034
  80. Wuerzberger SM, Pink JJ, Planchon SM, Byers KL, Bornmann WG, Boothman DA (1998) Induction of apoptosis in MCF-7:WS8 breast cancer cells by beta-lapachone. Cancer Res 58: 1876-1885
  81. Yoshimura N, Hatanaka M, Kitahara A, Kawaguchi N, and Murachi T (1984). Intracellular localization of two distinct $Ca^{2+}$ -proteases (calpain I and calpain II) as demonstrated by using discriminative antibodies. J Biol Chem 259: 9847-9452