초록
20세기 전반기는 리터, 홈볼트로부터 시작된 근대 지리학이 꽃 피던 전성기였다. 19세기말 답보 상태였던 지리학이 20세기 들어서면서 지지학(地誌學)을 중심으로 유럽 각국에서 눈부신 발달을 보였다. 특히 독일의 헤트너와 쉬뤼터, 프랑스의 비달 드 라 블라쉬, 영국의 허버트슨 등을 지도자로 하여 각기 독특한 지지학(地誌學) 방법론(方法論)이 발전하였고, 경험적 연구도 많이 쏟아졌다. 그리하여 1920년대와 30년대에는 지지학(地誌學)의 전성기를 이루었다. 본고는 1920년대와 1930년대 독일에서 논의된 지리학자들의 지역 개념과 지지 방법론을 고찰하는데 연구 목적을 두었다. 1920년대와 1930년대 독일(獨逸)의 지지학(地誌學) 동향(動向)은 일본 지리학자들에게 직접적인 영향을 주었다. 그 영향으로 당시 일본의 대표적인 지지자(地誌學者)인 전중계이(田中啓爾) 지형, 기후, 식물대, 인문을 종합적으로 고려하여 일본의 지역구분을 시도하였다. 그는 당시 일본 지리학자들과 일본에서 공부하던 한국의 지리학자들에게 많은 영향을 미쳤다.
The regional geography had been at the height of prosperity in the first half of the twentieth century since Alexander von Humboldt and Carl Ritter. The geography remained stationary in the late 19th century had greatly developed around the regional geography in European countries since the early 20th century. Particularly, A. Hettner and O. $Schl{\ddot{u}}ter$ in Germany, Vidal de la Blache in France and A. J. Herbertson in Britain developed their own methods of regional studies and produced many results of empirical studies ; accordingly the regional geography had been at the height of prosperity in the 1920s and 1930s. This paper aims to study the regional concepts and the methods of regional studies of Germany geographers in the 1920s and 1930s. This study is useful to understand the current methods of classifications of regions and descripitive systems of regions. The noteworthy results of studies are summarized as follows : First, The regional geography of Germany had been developed by Hettner who regarded the geography as the chorological science of the earth's surface, $Schl{\ddot{u}}ter$ who did the geography as the study of cultural landscape and Penck's students, the morphologists of landscape (Landschaftsmorphologie). Hettner defined the geography as the chorological science, maintained that the earth's surface was classify according to its localized difference -continents, lands, districts and localities(Erdteile, $L{\ddot{a}}nder$, Landschaften und Ortlichkeiten) and emphasized on the total character of areas. He tried to classify downward from continents to localities based on the sizes of regions. He also gave the logic of causal relation to schematic approach(Das $L{\ddot{a}}nderkundliche$ Schema) and further developed it. $Schl{\ddot{u}}ter$ argued that The process of change on the landscape through time must be studied. And Passarge and Penck's pupils, morphologists of landscape, tried to classify the landscape synthetically. Thereafter, De Geer and $Gran{\ddot{o}}$ employed the creative methods of regional classification which used signs and simbols. Second, The regional geography of Germany differed from that of France on the next points ; 1. The former was analytic, but the latter was synthetic. 2. The former placed great emphasis on physical elements, terrain and climate etc., but the latter did great emphasis on both physical and human elements. 3. The former gave priority to the studies of large scale regions, but the latter did priority to the studies of small scale regions. In 1920s and 1930s the regional study of Germany geographers exerted direct influence on the development of geography of Japan. Especially, Tanaka Keiji, Japanese typical regional geographer, tried to classify Japan synthetically on the bases of terrain, climate, vegetation and human elements under the influence of European geographers. He exerted great influence on both Japanese and Korean geographers at that time.