Overview of UV-B Effects on Marine Algae

자외선이 해조류에 미치는 영향에 관한 고찰

  • 한태준 (인천대학교 자연과학대학 생물학과)
  • Published : 1999.03.01

Abstract

Numerous observations revealed strong evidence of increased middle ultraviolet radiation or UV-B (280 ~ 320 nm) at the earth's surface resulting from stratospheric ozone depletion. UV is the waveband of electromagnetic radiation which is strongly absorbed by nucleic acids and proteins, thus causing damage to living systems. It has been recorded in the East Sea, Korea that solar UV-B impinging on the ocean surface penetrates seawater to significant depths. Recent researches showed that exposure to UV-B for as short as 2h at the ambient level (2.0 Wm$^{-2}$) decreased macroalgal growth and photosynthesis and destroyed photosynthetic pigments. These may suggest that UV-B could be an important environmental factor to determine algal survival and distribution. Some adaptive mechanisms to protect macroalgae from UV-damage have been found, which include photoreactivation and formation of UV-absorbing pigments. Post-illumination of visible light mitigated UV-induced damage in laminarian young sporophytes with blue the most effective waveband. The existence of UV-B absorbing pigments has been recognized in the green alga, Ulva pertusa and the red alga, Pachymeniopsis sp., which is likely to exert protective function for photosynthetic pigments inside the thalli from UV-damage. Further studies are however needed to confirm that these mechanisms are of general occurrence in seaweeds. Macroalgae together with phytoplankton are the primary producers to incorporate about 100 Gt of carbons per year, and provide half of the total biomass on the earth. UV-driven reduction in macroalgal biomass, if any, would therefore cause deleterious effects on marine ecosystem. The ultimate impacts of increasing UV-B flux due to ozone destruction are still unknown, but the impression from UV studies made so far seems to highlight the importance of setting up long-term monitoring system for us to be able to predict and detect the onset of large -scale deterioration in aquatic ecosystem.

산업활동의 부산물인 chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)와 같은 물질들의 대기권 유입으로 오존층의 파괴가 극심해짐에 따라 자외선의 지표유입량이 증가되는 추세를 보이는데, 특히 중파자외선의 증가는 DNA, 단백질, 지질 등에 의한 흡수를 통하여 생물학적 폐해를 야기할 수 있다는 점에서 주목된다. 최근 측정 결과 우리나라 동해안에서 해수표면에 도달되는 중파자외선 광량의 1%가 수심 l0 m까지 침투하는 것으로 나타났는데, 이는 해양생태계 생산성의 대부분이 해양 수심의 상위 2.5%에 해당되는 투광대에 의존한다는 점을 감안할 때 자외선에 의한 막대한 생태학적 폐해를 예견하게 해준다. 실내배양실험 연구에서 중파자외선은 대형해조류의 생장 및 광합성을 억제하고 광합성 색소를 파괴하는 등의 생물독성학적 효과를 보였다. 반면, 자외선의 피해로부터 해조류를 보호해 주는 몇 가지 기작이 밝혀진 바 있는데, 어린시기의 갈조류 다시마는 청색광에 의한 광재활성화 능력을 함유한 것으로 보이고, 한국산 녹조 구멍갈파래와 홍조 도박류에서는 자외선을 강하게 차단하는 흡수물질이 형성됨을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 이러한 적응기능들이 해조류에서 보편적으로 나타나는 것인지에 대해서는 좀 더 연구가 필요하다. 해양생태계는 대기 중 CO$x_2$를 이용하여 1년에 약 100 Gt의 유기물질을 생산해내고, 인류가 소비하는 식품의 30%를 제공한다는 점에서 자외선에 의한 생물량의 감소는 해조류 뿐만 아니라 먹이망에 의해서 복잡한 연결구조를 지닌 생태계 전체의 붕괴를 야기할 수 있는 심각한 사안이라고 할 수 있다. 따라서, 자외선에 대한 피해를 연구 평가하여 전략을 세우고 이를 예측하는 예보시스템을 개발할 필요성이 절실히 부각된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Nature v.329 Evidence for the climatic role of marine sulfur Bates TS;RJ Charlston;RH Gammond
  2. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B:Biol. v.15 Photochemistry of nucleic acids in cells Cadet J;C Anselmino;T Doukr;L Voituriez
  3. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, Vol. 12A, Physical Environment Plant respinse to solar ultraviolet radiation Caldwell MM;Lange OL(ed.);PS Nobel(ed.);CB Osmond(ed.);H Zeigler(ed.)
  4. Nature v.283 The ecological significance of solar UV radiation on aquatic organisms Calkins J;T Thordardottir
  5. J. Plankton Res. v.12 Occurrence of mycosporine-like amino acids in the red tide dinoflagellate Alexandrium excavatum: UV-pro-tective compounds Carreto JI;MO Carignam;G Daleo;SG DeMarco
  6. Nature v.326 Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulfur cloud albedo and climate Charlston RL;JE Lovelock;MO Andreae;SG Warren
  7. J. Physcol. v.32 Photosynthetic response of the giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera(Phaeophyceae) to ultraviolet radiation Clendennen SK;RC Zimmernan;DA Powers;RS Albert
  8. Mar. Biol. v.126 Influence of ultraviolet radiation on chlorophyll fluorescence and growth in different life history stages of three species of Laminaria (Phaeophyta) Dring MJ;V Marakov;E Schoschina;M Lorenz;K Luning
  9. Coral Reefs v.5 Identification and quantification of near -UV absorbing compounds(S-320) in a hermatpic Scleractinian Dunlap WC;BE Chalker
  10. Com. Biochem. Physiol. B. Comp. Biochem. v.93 Biochemical photoadaptation in vision:UV-absorbing pigments in fish eye tissues Dunlap WC;DM Williams;BE Chalker;A Banszak
  11. J. Phycol . v.30 Inhibition of growth of Ulva expansa(Chlorophyta) by ultraviolt-B radiation Grobe CW;TM Murphy
  12. Photochem. Photobiol. v.53 Effects of enhanced solar ultraviolet radiation in aquatic ecosystems Hader DP;RC Worrest
  13. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Liverpool Effect of visible and UV radiation on early sporophytes of species of the Laminariales Han T
  14. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. v.158 Blue light sensitivity of UV-irradiated young sporophytes of Laminatia Hyborea Han T;JM Kain
  15. J. Phycol. v.29 Blue light photoreactivation in UV-irradiated young sporophytes of Alaria esculenta and Laminaria saccharina (Phaeophyta) Han T;JM Kain
  16. Algae v.11 Effect of UV-B radiation on Ulva pertusa Kjellman (Chlorophyta) I. Growth and pigmentation Han T
  17. Eur. J. Phycol. v.31 Effect of photon irradiance and photoperiod on young sporophytes of four species of the Laminariales Han T;JM Kain
  18. Photochem. Photobiol. v.63 Accelerated degradation of the D2 protein of photosystem II under UV-B radiation Jansen MAK;BM Greenberg;M Edelman;AK Matoo;V Gaba
  19. Nature v.166 Ultraviolet radiation in the sea Jerlov NG
  20. Marine Optics Jerlov NG
  21. Light and Photosynthesis in the Aquatic Environment Kirk JTO
  22. The Phycologist v.49 Rhythmic phenomena in a green alga Ulva pertusa exposed to different light qualities Kong JA;T Han
  23. Phytochemistry v.30 Influence of UV-B radiation on polyamines, lipid peroxidation and membrane lipids in cucumber Kramer GF;HA Norman;DT Krizek;RM Mirecki
  24. Scienct. Amer. v.230 The top milimeter of the ocean MacIntyre F
  25. Mem. Ist. Ital. Idrobiol. v.29 Macrophyte production and detritus food chains in coastal waters Mann KH
  26. Photosynthesis and Productivity in Different Environments Primary production of marine macrophytes Mann KH;ARO Chapman;Cooper JP(ed.)
  27. J. Plant Physiol. v.148 Ameriolation of ultraviolet-B-induced down-regulation of m-RNA levels for chloroplast proteins, by high irradiance is mediated by photosynthesis Marckerness SAH;JP Butt;BR Jordan;B Thomas
  28. Environmental UV Photobiology The induction and repair of DNA photodamge in the environment Mitchell DL;D Karentz;Young A(ed.);LO Bjorn(ed.);J Moan(ed.);W Nultsch(ed.)
  29. The Phycologist v.49 Effect of UVB radiation in gamete motility of Ulva pertusa (Chlorophyta) Park BJ;T Han
  30. U.S. Dept. of Comm. Hydrological Optics(6 volumes) Perisendorfer RW
  31. The Role of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Marine Ecosystems Possible anthropogenic influences on stratospheric ozone Rowland FS;Calkins J(ed.)
  32. Algae v.12 Characterization of UV-absorbing compounds in Korean macrophytes, Ulva pertusa Kjellman(Chlorophyta), Hizikia fusiformis(Harvey) Okamura(Phaeophyta);and Pterocladia capollacea (Gmelin)Bornet et Thuret (Rhodophyta) Shin HW;GH Kim
  33. Nature v.365 Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the ocean Siegenthaler U;JL Sarmiento
  34. Bat. Mar. v.17 Distribution of a 334 UV-absorbing substance in algae, with special regard of its possible physiological roles Sivalingam PM;T Ikawa;Y Yokohama;K Nisizawa
  35. Science v.255 Ozone depletion:ultraviolet radiation and phytoplankton biology in Antarctic waters Smith RC;BB Preselin;KS Baker;RR Bidigare;NP Boucher;T Coley ;D Karentz;S MacIntyre;HA Matlick;D Menzies;M Ondrusek;Z Wan;KJ Waters
  36. Brookhaven Symp. Biol. v.25 Regulation of cell division in higher plants Vant't Hoff J
  37. Nature v.364 The oceans and global warming Weaver AJ