Risk Factors Analysis and Results of the Arterial Switch Operation for Transposition of the Great Arteries with Intact Ventricular Septum

심실중격결손을 동반하지 않은 대혈관전위증 환자에서 동맥 전환술의 결과 및 위험인자 분석에 관한 연구

  • Published : 1999.02.01

Abstract

Background: To evaluate the risk factor and long-term result of arterial switch operation , a retrospective study was done. Material and Method: A retrospective analysis was done to evaluate the early and long-term results on 58 patients who underwent an arterial switch operation(ASO) for transposition of the great arteries(TGA) with intact ventricular septum, between January 1988 and December 1996. Beforesurgery, 36 patients(62.1%) underwent balloon atrial septostomy, 32 patients(51.7%) received PGE1 infusion, and preparatory banding of pulmonary artery was performed on 6 patients(mean LV/RV pressure ratio 0.53$\pm$0.11). Result: The age at operation ranged from 1 to 137 days(mean 24$\pm$26 days) and the weights ranged from 1.8 to 6.8 kg (mean 3.5$\pm$0.8 kg). There were 14 early deaths(24.1%), but of the last 24 patients operated on since 1994, there were only 2 early deaths(8.3%). In the risk factor analysis, the date of operation was the only risk factor for early death(p-value < 0.01). Eight of the 14 early deaths were due to acute myocardial failure(mainly inadequate coronary blood flow). The length of follow-up ranged from 2 months to 8 years, average of 36$\pm$27 months. The follow-up included sequential noninvasive evaluations and 21 catheterizations and angiographic studies performed 5 to 32 months postoperatively with particular attention to the great vessel and coronary anastomosis, ventricular function, valvular competence, and cardiac rhythm. There were 5 late deaths(11.4%), one of thesedeaths was related to the late coronary problems, two to aspiration, one to uncontrolled chronic mediastinitis, and one to progressive aortic insufficiency and heart failure. The most frequent postoperative hemodynamic abnormality was supravalvular stenosis and the degree of pulmonary or aortic obstruction had slowly progressed in some cases, however there were no children who had to undergo a reoperation for supravalvular pulmonary or aortic stenosis. Aortic regurgitation was identified in 9 patients, which was mild in 7 and moderate in 2 and had progressed in some cases. Two patients who had an unremarkable perioperative course were identified as having coronary artery obstructions. The other late survivors were in good condition, were in sinus rhythm, and had normal LV functions. Actuarial survival rate at 8 years was 68.8%. Conclusion: We concluded that anatomic correction will be established as the optimal approach to the TGA with intact ventricular septum, though further long-term evaluations are needed.

배경: 동맥전환술의 위험인자와 장기 성적을 알아보고자 후향적 연구를 시행하였다. 대상 및 방법: 1988년 1월부터 1996년 12월까지 심실중격이 온전한 대혈관전위증으로 인해 동맥전환술을 시행 받은 58명의 환자를 대상으로 동맥전환술에 따른 조기 및 만기성적에 대하여 후향적 평가를 시행하였다. 술전 처치로 36례(62.1%)에서 풍선심방절개술을 시행하였으며, 32례(51.7%)에서 PGE1을 사용하였고, 좌우심실의 압력비가 평균 0.53$\pm$0.11이었던 6례(10.3%)의 환아에서는 먼저 폐동맥밴딩을 시행하였다. 결과: 수술당시의 평균연령은 24$\pm$26일(범위 1-137일)이었고 수술당시 평균체중은 3.5$\pm$0.8 kg(범위 1.8~6.1 kg)였다. 전체 조기사망율은 24.1%(14/58)였으며, 최근 3년간의 조기사망율은 8.3%(2/24)였다. 사망과 관련된 위험인자 분석에서는 수술 시행 년도가 유일한 위험인자로 나타났다(p-value < 0.01). 조기 사망한 14례 중 8례는 급성심근부전으로 사망하였으며 주된 원인은 관상동맥부전이었다. 44명의 술후 생존자들을 대상으로 2개월에서 8년까지 평균 36$\pm$27개월 동안 추적관찰을 시행하였으며, 대혈관과 관상동맥의 문합부위, 심실기능, 반월판막의 폐쇄부전, 심박동 이상 등에 중점을 두고 연속적인 비관혈적 검사 및 술후 5개월과 32개월 사이에 모두 21례의 심도자술을 시행하였다. 만기 사망한 경우는 5례(11.4%)였으며 사망원인은 관상동맥의 만기 협착 1례, 흡인 2례, 만성 종격동염 1례, 진행성 대동맥판막폐쇄부전과 심부전 1례 등이었다. 혈류역학적으로 가장 흔한 이상은 폐동맥상부의 협착이었고, 폐동맥협착과 대동맥협착을 보였던 몇몇 경우에 있어서는 점차 협착정도가 진행하는 경우도 관찰되었으나 이로 인한 재수술은 없었다. 9례에서 대동맥판막폐쇄부전 소견을보였으며 7례에서는 그 정도가 가벼웠으나 2례에서는 중정도의 폐쇄부전을 보였고 다소 진행하는 경우도 있었다. 수술전후로 심근허혈의 증거가 없었던 2례에서 관상동맥의 폐쇄가 확인되었다. 나머지 생존자들은 동성박동과 정상적인 좌심기능을 유지한 채 양호한 경과를 보이고 있으며 생명표법에 근거한 8년 생존률은 68.8%였다. 결론: 심실중격이 온전한 대혈관전위증에서 해부학적 교정술은 우선적인 수술방법으로 여겨지나 추후 지속적인 추적관찰이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Cardiac surgery of the neonate and infant(1st ed.) Castaneda AR;Jonas RA;Mayer JE;Hanley FL
  2. Circulation v.80 no.SUP.Ⅰ Rapid, two-stage arterial switch for transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum beyond the neonatal period Jonas RA;Giglia TM;Sanders SP(et al)
  3. Lancet v.1 Two stage operation for anatomical correction of transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum Yacoub MH;Radley-Smith R;Maclaurin R
  4. 대흉외지 v.28 복잡 심기형에서의 동맥전환술에 대한 연구 김용진
  5. Thorax v.33 Anatomy of the coronary arteries in transposition of the great arteries and methods for their transfer in anatomical correction Yacoub MH;Radley-Smith R
  6. Ann Thorac Surg v.38 Transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum: anatomical repair in the neonate Castaneda AR;Norwood WI;Jonas RA(et al)
  7. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg v.96 Switch operation for transposition of the great arteries in the neonate Planche C;Bruniaux J;Facour-Gayet F(et al)
  8. Surgery of the Chest(5th ed.) Anatomical correction of transposition of the great arteries at the arterial level DiDonato RM;Castaneda AR;Sabiston DC Jr;Spencer FC
  9. Circulation v.86 Clinical outcome after the arterial switch operation for transposition : patient, support, procedural and institutional risks factors Kirklin JW;Blackstone EH;Tchervenkov CI;Castaneda AR
  10. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg v.104 The influence of coronary anatomy on the arterial switch operation Day RW;Laks H;Drinkwater DC
  11. Circulation v.77 Midterm results after the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum : clinical, hemodynamic, echocardiographic, and elector-physiologic data Wernovsky G;Hougen TJ;Walsh EP(et al)
  12. Circulation v.84 no.SUP.Ⅲ Function of the anatomic pulmonary valve in the systemic circulation Jekins KJ;Hanley FL;Colan SD;Mayer Jr, JE;Castaneda AR;Wernovsky G
  13. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg v.96 The arterial switch operation: an eight year experience Quaegebeur JM;Rohmer J;Ottenkamp J(et al)
  14. Circulation no.SUP.Ⅰ Upto 7 year follow-up after two stage anatomic correction of simple transposition of the great arteries Lange PE;Sievers HH;Onnasch DGW;Yacoub MH;Bernhard A;Heintzen PH
  15. Circulation v.88 Growth of the aortic anastomosis, annulus, and root after the arterial switch procedure performed in infancy Hourihan M;Colan SD;Wernovsky G;Maheswari U;Mayer Jr. JE;Sanders SP
  16. 대흉외지 v.30 영아기에 시행한 동맥전환술 후의 대동맥판륜, 근부, 및 문합부위의 성장에 관한 연구 이정렬;박정준;장우익(등)
  17. Circulation v.80 Results of the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries with ventricular septal defect DiDonato RM;Wernovsky G;Walsh EP(et al)
  18. J Am Boll Cardiol v.29 Coronary artery obstruction after the arterial switch operation for transposition of the great arteries in newborns Bonhoeffer P;Bonnet D;Piechaud J(et al)
  19. Circulation v.82 no.SUP.Ⅳ Midterm surgical results of the arterial switch operation for transposition of great arteries with intact ventricular septum Losay J;Planche C;Geradin B;Lacour-Gayet F;Bruniaux J;Kachaner J
  20. Br Heart J v.67 Cardiac conduction abnormalities and rhythm changes after neonatal anatomical correction of transposition of the great arteries Menahem S;Ranjit MS;Stewart C;Brawn WJ;Mee RBB;Wilkinson JL