Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Levodopa in Parkinson Disease

The concentration effect relationship (pharmacokinetic pharmacodynamic model, PKPD) of drugs used for Parkinson's disease is complex. The benefits and adverse effects of drug treatment have to be considered in terms of short term and long term effects. Acute effects, observed over hours and days, reflect symptomatic benefit while chronic effects, observed over months and years, also reveal influences on the progress of the disease. (omitted)